The identification and promotion of sustainable strategies for space activities, such as those set out in the document Space 2030 and the UN’s SDGs, and the ‘Space 2030’ Agenda for sustainable development. This discussion should cover, amongst other things, the following points:

• Strategic advantages for the development of space activities and planetary technology. To facilitate a forward-looking description of the new scenarios emerging at a global level and the scientific challenges arising from them.
• The role of industry, academia and government. The respective roles of each in a spatial development policy that strengthens national development.
• Strategies and policies. Spatial strategies and policies that emphasise sustainable development and promote a high degree of social inclusion and socio-economic development.

In a knowledge-based society, value creation and the international standing of nations are increasingly determined by their level of development and investment in science and technology. This is especially relevant in the space sector, where the following topics should be addressed:

• Development of related sciences: Physics, Data Science, Computer Science, Applied Mathematics, Space Biology, amongst others.
• Technological development in key areas, including telecommunications, automatic control, geomatics and robotics, amongst others.
• Human capital development: In this area, there is a strong emphasis on developing collaboration schemes with industry to identify new training programmes.

The economic development generated by the space industry is not an opportunity reserved exclusively for developed countries. As this sector continues to grow exponentially, new opportunities are emerging for countries and industries to participate in its economic benefits by developing innovative products and services that contribute to well-being for all. In this context, opportunities in the following fields will be analysed:

• Geoprocessing, a key sector for making use of data provided by satellites, drones, aircraft and other Earth observation instruments.
• Nanosatellites, the macro-trend towards using swarms of nanosatellites to take over some of the functions previously performed by larger satellites.
• Sensors and instrumentation, development of sensors for the space industry and its ground-based facilities.
• Robotics, to contribute to the development of instruments and processes in space and on other planets
• Data Science, which involves analysing information and generating knowledge derived from the processing of the vast amounts of data provided by space-based instruments and numerous sensors
• Artificial Intelligence, to develop the ability to manage complex systems without human intervention, which is key to the development of space missions.
• New Space, with the private sector making inroads into all areas of space activities.

Bearing in mind that space belongs to us all and that we face major global challenges, this section seeks to gather input and guidance on how to establish legal and collaborative frameworks that ensure its equitable and sustainable use. It will also address the creation of business opportunities, the harnessing of technologies, and resource management, among other key issues. To this end, the following suggestions are put forward:

• Participation in international agreements: Distinguishing between agreements of universal application and those that reflect non-binding commitments, as well as analysing and assessing the role of the private sector.
• International regulation and national legislation: Analysis of space treaties, their potential amendments and/or progressive development in light of the new challenges and crises arising from globalisation. Ethical challenges. Their implementation at national level. Perspectives on the “Space 2030” Agenda, etc.
• International, bilateral and multilateral cooperation: as a means of reducing disparities in space capabilities and technologies and fostering synergy.
• Emerging issues: such as a Clean and Quiet Space, ownership of assets located beyond our planet, activities relating to space resources, global sharing of benefits, etc.